Study Architecture in The USA

Architecture encompasses the art of conceiving and crafting tangible structures, serving both practical and aesthetic purposes. It serves as a conduit for expressing societal values, historical narratives, and everyday existence, representing the delicate balance between functionality and beauty. Architectural creations distinguish themselves through their suitability for human interaction, robust construction, and the ability to visually convey ideas.

Throughout history, architecture has consistently been a medium for reflecting culture and identity. Works like Vitruvius' "De Architectura," emphasizing durability, usability, and elegance, provide insights into early architectural philosophies. The concept of "form follows function" later expanded this notion, incorporating culture, psychology, and aesthetics into the realm of utility. The contemporary popularity of architecture also owes much to its emphasis on sustainability.

The evolution of architecture commenced with rural vernacular styles before evolving into grandiose urban designs. Diverse architectural traditions, such as Chinese and Indian influences, contributed to the development of distinct forms. The Renaissance period embraced Classical elements, while the Middle Ages introduced Romanesque and Gothic styles. Following World War I, modern architecture emerged, driven by innovation and geometric simplicity. However, contemporary and postmodern styles emerged subsequently, challenging the dominance of modernism. Beyond the realm of architectural design, the field has expanded to encompass interior design and even ship design.

1. Technical Proficiency and Practical Skills

Architectural education imparts the technical know-how necessary to bring ambitious design concepts to life. Courses in structural engineering, building technology, environmental systems, and construction techniques are essential components of this training. Additionally, faculty members with industry expertise provide real-world examples and insights, bridging the gap between academic knowledge and practical application.

2. Fostering Creative Expression

Students who pursue architecture education gain a strong foundation in artistic expression, along with a unique design language and a keen sense of aesthetics. Studying architectural history, philosophy, and criticism allows them to explore the evolution of architectural styles and the factors influencing design. This knowledge empowers students to draw inspiration from the past while envisioning innovative ideas for the future.

3. Comprehensive Skill Development

Architectural education is designed to equip students with a well-rounded skill set that encompasses artistic creativity, technical proficiency, and social consciousness. This multifaceted approach enables future architects to create designs that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional, sustainable, and socially responsible.

4. Encouraging Research and Innovation

Architectural education places a strong emphasis on research that pushes the boundaries of technology and design thinking. Participation in research projects exposes students to the latest developments in the field, fostering a mindset of lifelong learning and adaptability to the evolving architectural landscape.

5. Promoting Interdisciplinary Collaboration

The study of architecture encourages collaboration across various disciplines. This interdisciplinary cooperation is crucial for addressing complex architectural challenges, such as sustainability and social responsibility, and for developing holistic design solutions that integrate diverse perspectives.

6. Nurturing Sustainability

Sustainability is a core focus of architectural education. Students learn about eco-friendly building materials, energy-saving technologies, and design principles aimed at minimizing the environmental impact of structures. This prepares architects to actively contribute to the global sustainability movement through their design practices.

7. Integrating Theory and Practice

A balanced approach in architectural education integrates theoretical knowledge with real-world application. This ensures that aspiring architects not only understand the theoretical foundations of architecture but also possess the skills to translate these concepts into practical and successful designs.

8. Preventing Architectural Failures

Architectural education places an emphasis on the importance of appropriate architectural techniques, helping students consider factors beyond aesthetics. By delving into the theoretical underpinnings of architecture, students learn to ensure that their design ideas are conceptually sound and practical, reducing the risk of architectural failures.

There are several advantages to studying architecture in the United States, including opportunities for personal and professional development. International students who pursue a career in architecture will find it an outstanding choice due to its esteemed educational institutions, a wide range of course options, and the importance of architecture in American society.

1. Diverse Course Curriculum

American architecture schools are renowned for their extensive and varied educational offerings. With an emphasis on design and art, these programs give students a well-rounded combination of theoretical knowledge and practical abilities. This comprehensive approach enables students to create novel concepts and comprehend the technical elements needed to realize their ideas.

2. Types of Degree Programs

International students can select the educational path that best suits their job objectives thanks to the flexibility of degree programs. Students can customize their education to match their interests and goals by pursuing an architecture bachelor's degree (B.Arch), master's degree (M.Arch), or doctorate.

3. QS-Ranked Universities

The QS World University Rankings list numerous top architecture schools in the United States. These universities have a stellar reputation with employers and academic institutions, ensuring graduates are highly acknowledged in the field. This recognition improves the chances of locating satisfying domestic and international architecture work.

4. High-Quality Education

The United States is known for providing education of the highest calibre. Students in architecture programs nationwide have access to cutting-edge facilities, research opportunities, and knowledgeable faculty members. This equips students with the confidence they need to take on the challenges of the architectural profession.

5. Architectural Diversity

The USA is the home to a vast range of architectural designs, from ancient historical sites to cutting-edge modern structures. Students studying in such a setting are exposed to a rich architectural history that they can use as a source of inspiration and information for their work.

6. Cultural Exposure

Being fully immersed in a different culture while pursuing school can be a life-changing experience. Students get the opportunity to engage with peers from different cultural backgrounds thanks to the cultural richness of the USA, which promotes cross-cultural understanding and broadens their viewpoint on architecture.

7. Career Opportunities

There are many chances for recent graduates in the USA's thriving architecture business. The information and abilities gained throughout the study closely coincide with the industry's requirements, giving doors to various occupations associated with architecture.

8. Innovation and Research

Students are encouraged to investigate novel design processes, materials, and technologies because American architecture programs strongly focus on research and innovation. Students who work on research projects are exposed to cutting-edge developments, preparing them to progress in the field.

9. Practical Application

Students can apply theoretical ideas in real-world situations through practical projects, site visits, and internships frequently included in architecture programs. This hands-on training sharpens their problem-solving abilities and prepares students for the difficulties they'll face in the workplace.

10. Global Network

Building a worldwide network of peers, lecturers, and industry professionals is possible when studying architecture in the USA. This network may be beneficial for working together, finding employment, and staying current with market developments.

1. Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch)

The Bachelor of Architecture program in the USA holds accreditation from the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB) as a professional degree. NAAB-accredited Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) programs typically require a minimum of 150 semester credit hours, including at least 45 semester hours in general studies. Completion of such a program generally takes about five years.

The Bachelor of Architecture curriculum encompasses a range of courses.

It includes studio courses that explore -

• Design and aesthetic theory alongside practical courses covering structures
• Building mechanical systems and Electrical systems
• Plumbing and Construction

Student work often involves -

• Creating drawings
• Renderings
• Physical models
• Employing computer-aided design or hand drafting.
• Additionally, students develop presentation boards for graphics and pictures.

2. Bachelor of Science in Architecture (B.S. Arch)

The Bachelor of Science in Architecture (B.S Arch) program serves as a foundational platform, introducing fundamental concepts and skills that form the basis for advanced studies in the accredited professional Master of Architecture (MArch) program.

B.S Arch covers -

• Design
• Construction technologies
• Digital arts
• Humanities
• Social sciences
• Aesthetic expression

For aspiring architects, the pre-professional architecture degree serves as an essential foundation.

It's essential to note that the four-year pre-professional Bachelor of Science in Architecture program, if pursued on its own, lacks accreditation from the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB).

3. Master of Architecture (M.Arch)

The Master of Architecture (M.Arch) is a two-year postgraduate program designed to equip students with advanced architectural knowledge and skills. It serves as a professional degree that paves the way for students to acquire an Architectural License, enabling them to practice architecture professionally.

The M.Arch curriculum covers a wide range of subjects, including -

• Contemporary Architecture
• Urban Conservation
• Urban Landscape Design
• Urban Design Studio

4. PhD in Architecture

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Architecture is the pinnacle of architectural education, tailored for those aiming to excel in architectural research, theory, and academia. PhD programs encompass rigorous study and the completion of a comprehensive dissertation.

PhD Program Structure and Components -

• Lecture and Seminar Courses
• Special Problems
• Research Credits
• Dissertation

Each PhD student works under the guidance of a dedicated committee, which plays a pivotal role in overseeing the research and dissertation process. The committee is chaired by a faculty member who supervises and mentors throughout the research journey.

Curriculum for Bachelor's in Architecture

The Bachelor of Architecture program focuses on designing innovative and enduring spaces and places. It considers architecture a research-based creative practice that intertwines various technical, historical, intellectual, and aesthetic activities.

The program is accredited and structured into three phases -

1. Foundation Phase

Basic design and representational skills, introduction to history and theory of the built environment, and physical principles of buildings.

2. Core Courses

Emphasizes individual skills and knowledge in five significant areas - studio, history and theory, design communications, building technology,

3. Research

Develops a research trajectory, collaboration skills, and complex design skills, and culminates in a year-long capstone project.

Courses may be taken in sequence or shifted in the student's study plan.

Curriculum for Master's in Architecture

The curriculum for M.Arch varies from University to University, but here is a simplified curriculum and Course Structure -

Curriculum Structure

The curriculum consists of a minimum of 36 units of coursework covering theory development, technical skills, and research skills. The program is structured over three semesters, and students complete -

• Research studio
• Research methods
• Core electives
• Core skill development
• Research seminar
• Elective courses
• Master's report or thesis

Core Skill Development Electives

These electives are recommended in consultation with a faculty chair or academic advisor and can be taken in any order.

Examples include -

• Daylighting, Health and Behavior
• Social and Behavioral Issues in the Built Environment
• Health and Wellbeing in the Built Environment

Elective Options

Various elective courses are offered in different semesters.

Some examples include -

• Design Communications III
• Computer Energy Analysis
• Materials: Properties and Tests
• Environmental Science Laboratory
• Introduction to Heritage Conservation

Master's Project or Thesis

Students can choose between a research-based design project (master's project) or a research-based written document (master's thesis) as their outcome.

Concentrations

The program allows students to pursue concentrations aligned with faculty expertise.

Engagements include areas like-

• Critical Spatial Practice
• Design and Energy Conservation
• Emerging Building Technologies
• Health and the Built Environment

This is a simplified overview of the program's structure and curriculum.

Eligibility Criteria for Bachelor's in Architecture

1. Strong Academic Record

Common admission criteria for M.Arch programs include completing 12th-grade education from a recognized institution, holding a five-year Bachelor of Architecture degree or equivalent from a recognized university/college,

2. Letter of Recommendation

A letter of recommendation is required from a teacher, counselor, or other relevant individuals who can vouch for your academic abilities, character, and potential.

3. Standardized Test Scores

Standardized test scores like the SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test) or ACT (American College Testing) are often required by many U.S. universities as part of the application process.

• SAT can vary, but an average score of 400 and abov enhances your chances of admission.
• For ACT, an average score between 25 - 36 is considered competitive.

4. Proof of English Proficiency

International students whose native language is not English are usually required to provide proof of English proficiency through tests like TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) or IELTS (International English Language Testing System).

The minimum scores may vary depending on the university, but having a TOEFL iBT score of 46 to 59 or an IELTS score of 6.5 or higher is a common benchmark.

6. Statement of Purpose (SOP)

The Statement of Purpose is a written essay that allows you to explain your academic and career goals, your reasons for choosing a particular university or program, and how your background aligns with your chosen field of study.

It's important to emphasize that while these are general eligibility criteria, each university might have its own specific requirements and standards for admission.

Eligibility Criteria for Master's in Architecture

1. Academic Records

Students typically need a CGPA score of 2.25 or above in their Bachelors in Archietcture, along with minimal backlog history, for admission to US universities.

2. GRE (Graduate Record Exam)

A GRE score above 290 is recommended, as higher scores improve chances of admission. GRE assesses verbal reasoning, critical thinking, problem-solving, and writing skills.

Some universities do not require GRE as an eligibility criterion for M.Arch programs in the USA.

4. Letter of Recommendation (LOR)

Applicants need to submit atleast three recommendation letters from academic heads, supervisors, or teachers. LORs enhance the application by providing insight into the candidate's profile beyond a resume.

5. Portfolio

A portfolio is a collection of the candidate's best artwork, designs, and projects. It is considered both an eligibility criterion and a way to stand out during the admission process.

6. English Language Requirements

Proficiency in English is necessary. Minimum requirements vary but typically include an overall IELTS score of 6.0 or 6.5 and a TOEFL score of 79. These scores may vary by university.

7. Statement of Purpose (SOP)

An SOP is a significant document that provides insight into the student's personality and aspirations. It plays a vital role in the admission process.

Other important documents include transcripts, certificates, and academic achievements.

College graduates with architecture degrees can explore diverse roles within and related to the field. While some become architects and drafters, others pursue creative and academic careers.

Studying at top architectural schools in the USA can lead to exceptional career opportunities and higher pay rates, especially for international students.

Students develop various skills during their architecture degree, including creative thinking, visual design, drafting, project management, analytical and mathematical skills, computer programming, collaboration, problem-solving, communication, leadership, and adaptability.

Many find positions in architectural firms, utilizing their expertise to contribute to projects led by professional architects. Graduating from prestigious architecture colleges in the USA offers attractive job prospects and salary figures, aligning with academic achievements, skill sets, and work experience, including internships.

Roles and Responsibilities

1. Architectural Technician

An architectural technician assists architects by preparing comprehensive technical blueprints and building construction papers. They utilise software to convert design thoughts into precise drawings and work with others to ensure projects are completed effectively.

Salary - USD 60,422/year

2. Interior and Spatial Designer

An interior and spatial designer's goal is a functional and visually pleasant indoor area. To improve the user's experience inside a place, they create layouts, choose furniture, colors, and materials, and consider variables such as lighting and spatial flow. They work with customers, architects, and contractors to realize their design ambitions.

Salary - USD 86,305/year

3. Architectural Drafter

Using specialised software, an architectural drafter translates architects' design thoughts into comprehensive technical drawings and blueprints. They provide exact drawings that guide the building process, assuring correctness and regulatory compliance.

Salary - USD 65,000/year

4. Production Designer

A production designer oversees the visual and creative components of a film, television show, theatre performance, or other visual media production. They collaborate closely with directors, producers, and art departments to design and construct the production's overall look and feel. This includes creating sets, picking props, selecting colors and styles, and maintaining visual storytelling consistency. Production designers are critical in establishing a project's visual identity and bringing the director's vision to life.

Salary - USD 145,899/year

5. Historic Preservation Architect

A historic preservation architect specializes in preserving and restoring historical structures and buildings. They evaluate a site's historical significance, create preservation plans, and guarantee that restoration work is done with historical accuracy and cultural heritage norms. They work with historians, craftspeople, and local governments to conserve and preserve historic places' architectural and cultural history for future generations.

Salary - USD 90,484/year

6. Structural Engineer

A structural engineer develops and analyses building and other structures' structural systems to guarantee they are safe, stable, and capable of withstanding diverse loads and forces. They collaborate with architects and other experts to create a project's structural framework, which includes calculating load distribution, selecting appropriate materials, and developing precise drawings and specifications.

Salary - USD 92,848/year

7. Retrofit Architect

A retrofit architect specializes in improving existing structures' usefulness, energy efficiency, and safety. They evaluate older buildings' structural integrity and systems, identifying areas for improvement and designing ways to improve their performance. Retrofit architects frequently prioritize modern technology, environmental practices, and code compliance.

Salary - USD 86,918/year

8. Senior Project Architect

A Senior Project Architect is in charge of architectural projects. They supervise and manage the design and construction processes, collaborating with clients, team members, and stakeholders. Conceptualizing designs, making strategies, collaborating with engineers and consultants, managing budgets and timetables, ensuring code compliance, and monitoring project execution from start to finish are among their tasks. Senior Project Architects frequently mentor junior personnel, give direction, and guarantee that complicated architectural projects are completed successfully.

Salary - USD 113,158/year

9. Architectural Project Manager

An architectural project manager is in charge of monitoring and managing architectural projects from start to finish. Their responsibilities include project coordination, design, planning, budgeting, scheduling, and team management. They work with clients, architects, engineers, contractors, and other stakeholders to guarantee seamless and efficient project execution. Architectural project managers are also in charge of communication, risk assessment, issue solving, and quality control to ensure that the project fulfills the customer's needs and is completed on time and within budget.

Salary - USD 145,844/year

10. Commercial Architect

A commercial architect specializes in designing and planning commercial buildings and spaces. They create functional and visually pleasant surroundings for companies, retail rooms, offices, restaurants, hotels, and other commercial institutions. Commercial architects collaborate directly with customers to understand their demands, establish design concepts, comprehensive blueprints, and supervise the building process. They consider traffic flow, branding, space utilization, accessibility, and zoning requirements when designing places that are physically beautiful and beneficial to company operations and consumer experiences.

Salary - USD 105,927/year

Various scholarship options are available for Indian students pursuing education in the USA. The scholarships are government-funded, program-specific, subject-specific, and organization-funded.

List of Scholarships to Study in the USA for Indian Students -

1. Tata Scholarship for Cornell University

Provided by Tata Education and Development Trust for undergraduate students.

• Scholarships for 20 students accepted by Cornell University.
• Open to Indian residents who completed secondary school in India.
• Varies in amount, renewable annually till graduation.

2. Rotary International Ambassadorial Scholarships

• Funded by a private organization offering three types of scholarships.
• Available to citizens of countries with Rotary Clubs.
• Open to those who completed 2 years of college or its equivalent.

3. Hubert Humphrey Fellowship Program

• Designed for master's or doctoral degree students.
• Covers tuition fees, monthly expenses, and living costs.
• Aimed at minority students or citizens with weak English skills.

4. Fulbright – Nehru Fellowships

• Available for international students applying for masters or doctoral programs.
• Covers tuition, living expenses, and medical costs.
• Requires a bachelor's degree from an accredited Indian college, at least 55% marks, and 3 years of work experience.

5. AAUW International Fellowships

• For women students pursuing research in the US.
• Available for graduate and postgraduate studies.
• Scholarship duration can extend up to 5 years.

6. Stanford Reliance Dhirubhai Fellowship

• Started by Reliance Industries for Indian students studying in the USA.
• The scholarship covers $150,000 and aims at students returning to work in India after their studies.

How to Get a Scholarship in the USA for Indian Students -

1. Research and Shortlist Scholarships
2. Gather Required Documents:
3. Prepare Application:
4. Follow Up

Visa Requirements

• Current Passport Valid up to 6 months
• I-20, issued by SEVP. You'll have to pay the SEVIS I-901 fee for SEVP to issue your I-20 form. That form should then be signed by you and your institution granting you an admission offer.
• DS-160 confirmation
• Recent Photographs
• Digital Fingerprint scans before F-1 interview.
• F1 Visa fee - application payment receipt
• Educational Certificates
• Proof of Financial Stability
• Details of your health insurance policy (Overseas Student Health Cover)

Process

Step 1 - After you've been accepted to your preferred university, your institution will issue you a letter of confirmation of enrollment. Now, you are eligible to apply for an F1 visa.

Step 2 - Visit the USA Visas and Immigration website and fill out the online visa application, i.e. Form DS-160

Step 3 - Upload Photographs – on white background (taken within 6 months of applying)

Step 4- Pay the application fee - $160

Step 5 - You will receive the Reference Number once the fee is paid. This will allow you to keep track of your trips to the visa centre.

Step 6 - At the visa centre, you will be required to provide your "biometric information" as part of your visa application.

Step 7 - According to university policy, you must attend a visa interview.

Step 8 - Wait for your visa. The visa application procedure might take anywhere between 3 and 4 weeks.

The post-graduate work visa option for international students who have studied architecture in the USA is the Optional Practical Training (OPT) program. Here's how it works for architecture graduates:

Optional Practical Training (OPT) for Architecture Graduates -

Eligibility - To be eligible for OPT, you must have completed a degree in architecture from a U.S. institution and enrolled full-time for at least one academic year. You can apply for OPT either before completing your studies (pre-completion OPT) or after completing your studies (post-completion OPT).

Duration - Most students are eligible for up to 12 months of OPT. However, students with a degree in a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) field, including some architectural specializations, may be eligible for a 24-month STEM OPT extension.

Application Process

1. Request an OPT recommendation from your university's Designated School Official (DSO).
2. Your DSO will recommend OPT in the SEVIS system and provide you with a new Form I-20.
3. Submit Form I-765 (Application for Employment Authorization) to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) along with the required documents and fee.
4. USCIS will process your application and, if approved, issue an Employment Authorization Document (EAD) card.

Employment

During the OPT period, you can work for any employer in an architecture-related role. This could include positions in architectural firms, construction companies, urban planning agencies, etc. You can work either part-time or full-time.

STEM OPT Extension

If your architecture degree falls under a STEM category (some architectural specializations may qualify), you may be eligible for a 24-month STEM OPT extension after your initial 12-month OPT period. This allows for a total of 36 months of OPT.

Travel and Re-entry

You can travel internationally during your OPT period, but ensure you have the necessary documents, including your valid EAD card, Form I-20 with a travel signature, and any other required items for re-entry.

Path to Employment

OPT provides practical experience in your field, which can be valuable for securing long-term employment in the USA. Many students use OPT as a stepping stone to H-1B work visa sponsorship or other employment-based visas.